Application Examples for Transmission Photometers
Our transmission photometers provide process technology to measure the concentration of a certain component of a liquid or a gas in real-time, online, and without contact.
One example is to monitor the moisture of a manufactured liquid chemical. In the case of excess moisture, a warning is issued to the main control board.
It is equally possible to detect production or process malfunctions if this results in the occurrence of a substance at a location where it is not usually encountered. One example is heavy water in the secondary cooling circuit of a nuclear power plant, which indicates a leakage of the primary circuit.
The measurement range and the accuracy depend on the given circumstances, as all components of a mixture can influence the measurement result. Another upper detection limit is reached when the signal is saturated (100% absorption at the measurement wavelength). Therefore, it is crucial to estimate the required measurement range beforehand so that suitable wavelength filters can be selected.
The following table illustrates some of the measurement cases that we have been able to configure for our customers.
| Target Substance | Host Material | Detection Range(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaldehyde | Methanol | 300 ppm | |
| Acetylene | Ammonia | 50 % | |
| Ammonia | Hydrogen sulfide | 500 ppm | |
| Ammonia | Water | 10 % | |
| Aniline | Water | 100 ppm, 200 ppm | |
| Aniline | Xylene | 60 % | |
| Gasoline | Diesel fuel | ||
| Benzene | Nitrogen | ||
| Hydrogen cyanide | Hydantoin | ||
| Butyl acetate | Butanol | 100 % | |
| Caprolactam | Water | 1000 ppm | |
| Catechol | Butadiene | 200 ppm | |
| Chlorine | Hydrogen chloride | 100 ppm, 50 % | |
| Chlorine | CFC | 100 ppm | |
| Chlorine | Air | 700 ppm, 2000 ppm, 1 %, 2 % | |
| Chlorine | Phosgene | 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 1 %, 2 % | |
| Chlorine | Nitrogen | 3 % | |
| Chlorine | Trichloroethane | 500 ppm | |
| Chlorine | Hydrogen | 4 % | |
| Chlorine dioxide | Air | 100 ppm | |
| Hydrogen chloride | Water | 100 % | |
| Diketene | Acetoacetic acid | 5 % | |
| Dimethylacetamide | Water | 200 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm | |
| Dimethylformamide | Water | 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 2000 ppm, 5 %, 10 %, 70 % | |
| Dinitrogen tetroxide | Nitroglycerin | 45 % | |
| Dinitrogen tetroxide | Nitric acid | 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 20 % | |
| Iron hydroxide | Water | ||
| Acetic acid | Butyl acetate | 3000 ppm | |
| Acetic anhydride | Tetrahydrofuran | 4 %, 10 % | |
| Ethylbenzene | Benzene | 90 % | |
| Ethylbenzene | CFC | 15 % | |
| Ethylbenzene | Styrene | 35 %, 60 % | |
| Ethylene oxide | Water | 1 %, 15 % | |
| Glycol ether | Butanol | 20 % | |
| Carbon monoxide | Phosgene | 10 %, 20 % | |
| Methanol | Toluene | 100 % | |
| Methanol | Water | 2 %, 15 % | |
| Methyl pyrrolidone | Water | 100 ppm, 70 % | |
| Sodium nitrate | Water | 1 % | |
| Nitrobenzene | Aniline | 5000 ppm | |
| Nitrobenzene | Water | 2000 ppm | |
| Grease | Trichloroethane | 1 % | |
| Paraffin wax | Carbon tetrachloride | ||
| Phenol | Bromine | ||
| Phenol | Cumene | 3 %, 5% | |
| Phenol | Water | 1000 ppm | |
| Phthalic acid | Cyclohexane dicarbonic isononyl ester | 200 ppm | |
| Mercury | Air | 50 µg/m³ | |
| Mercury | Water | ||
| Nitric acid | Water | 1 % | |
| Hydrochloric acid | Phosphorus trichloride | ||
| Sulphur dioxide | Sulphuric acid | 100 ppm | |
| Heavy water | Water | 500 ppm, 3000 ppm, 1 %, 2 % | |
| Nitrogen dioxide | Air | 20 % | |
| Nitrogen dioxide | Nitrogen monoxide | 200 ppm, 2000 ppm, 1 % | |
| Nitrogen oxides | Sulphuric acid | 200 ppm | |
| Styrene | Ethylbenzene | 2 %, 5 %, 50 %, 90 % | |
| Toluene | Water | 600 ppm, 1000 ppm | |
| Toluene diisocyanate | Toluene | 100 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Acetone | 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 3000 ppm, 1 %, 3 %, 10 %, 30 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Acetone cyanohydrin | 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Acrylonitrile | 1 %, 20 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Amines | 2000 ppm, 30 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Ammonia | 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 5 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Aniline | 1000 ppm, 200 mg/l | |
| Water (moisture) | Brake fluid | 2500 ppm, 1 %, 2 %, 10 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Butanol | 1 %, 15 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Butene | 10 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Butyl acetate | 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Caprolactam | 600 ppm, 20 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Chloral | 15 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Chlorobenzene | 100 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Cyanogen chloride | 2000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Chloromethane | 300 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Cyclohexane | 2000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Cyclohexanone oxime | 5 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichlorobenzene | 100 ppm, 200 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichlorobutane | 400 ppm, 600 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichloroethane | 100 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichloroethene | 100 ppm, 200 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichloromethane | 500 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichloropropane | 200 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Diethylene glycol | 1600 ppm, 4000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dimethylacetamide | 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Dimethylamine | 1000 ppm, 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Dimethylaniline | ||
| Water (moisture) | Dimethylformamide | 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2 %, 10 %, 50 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Dimethylsuccinate | 5000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Dipropylene glycol | 300 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Photographic developer | ||
| Water (moisture) | Acetic acid | 2000 ppm, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 60 %, 70 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Ethyl acetate | 200 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Ethanol | 1000 ppm, 3000 ppm, 2 %, 8 %, 10 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Ethylenediamine | 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Ethylene glycol | 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2 %, 30 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Ethylene oxide | 1000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Ethylpiperazine | 3 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Grease | 2000 ppm, 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Isoamyl ether | 200 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Isopropylamine | 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Air | 10 %, 20 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Methacrylic acid | 300 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Methanol | 200 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1 %, 5 %, 30 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Methyl acetate | 25 %, 50 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Methylcyclohexane | 50 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Dichloromethane | 500 ppm, 2000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Butanone | 1 %, 10 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Methyl pyrrolidone | 700 ppm, 1000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Nitroglycerin | 5 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Paraffin | 100 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Phenol | 500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 8 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Propanol | 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 20 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Propylene oxide | 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 5 % 200 ppm |
|
| Water (moisture) | Smoke | 20 g/m³ | |
| Water (moisture) | Nitric acid | 5000 ppm, 3 %, 5 %, 10 %, 20 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Hydrochloric acid | 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Sulphuric acid | 25 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Heavy water | 1 %, 5 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Silicone | 100 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Spinning solution | 3 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Sulfonic acid | 25 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Carbon tetrachloride | ||
| Water (moisture) | Tetrahydrofuran (THF) | 200 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 8 %, 15 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Toluene | 400 ppm, 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 1 % | |
| Water (moisture) | Triethylene glycol | 2000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Trimethylamine | 5000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Trioxane | 100 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Tripropylene glycol | 300 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Vinyl acetate | 1000 ppm | |
| Water (moisture) | Vinyl chloride | 100 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm | |
| Xylene | Water | 500 ppm |